Car Steering System: Structure, Classification and Operating Principle

Car steering system
Latest update date: February 09, 11

Structure, classification, operating principles, The damaged and repaired?

Drive system

Principle of operation of the steering system

What is the steering system? Introduction to steering system

You may own a car equipped with a high-performance engine and high-efficiency gearbox that can transmit most of the engine's power to the wheel, but if you can't control it The wheels make the car move in the direction you want it, so the high-performance motor or high-performance gearbox no longer makes sense because you can't control your vehicle on the road. .

Drive system is one of the seven basic systems, the most important in the car. While the engine and powertrain transfer power down the wheel, the steering system is used to change the direction of motion or keep the car moving in a certain trajectory such as turning left, turning right, go straight ... The steering system is a rather complex system, it is divided into many assemblies and parts with separate functions to support each other.

Classification of steering system

1. According to the layout of the steering wheel

The steering system with the steering wheel arranged to the left in the direction of the car's movement is used on cars of countries with right-of-way laws like Vietnam and some other countries.

Basic - The basic parts of an automobile driving system
Left steering wheel layout

The steering system with the steering wheel arranged to the right in the direction of the movement of the car is used on cars of countries with left-handed road laws such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden ...

Full steering system fitted on cars today
Right-hand steering wheel layout

2. According to the number of guide bridges

Steering system with front-wheel drive, this type is often equipped on most current passenger cars such as TOYOTA Vios, TOYOTA Camry, KIA Morning, KIA Cerato, HYUNDAI I10, HYUNDAI Elantra ... and commercial vehicles such as FORD Transit, HYUNDAI County ...

Principle of operation of the steering system
Steering system arrangement according to the number of steering axles

Steering system with rear-wheel guide wheels, this type of steering system is less equipped in cars because the structure of the steering system is complicated when it is necessary to arrange additional axes and levers from front to rear, copper. At the same time, it requires more power steering when the car accelerates due to the inertial force, which concentrates the load towards the rear axle, thus increasing the fuel consumption, which is often equipped on the lift trucks, specialized vehicles. use…

Steering system with guide wheels on both front and rear axles, the purpose of equipping the steering system on the bridges is to reduce the turning radius of cars, making it easier for the vehicle to turn around when driving at low speeds. the ability to wear unrooted gear and increase the stability for the car when traveling at high speeds.

Car steering system - car headlight inspection device

This type of steering system is equipped on Porsche models such as: Panamera, Cayenne2018, 911 GT3, AG ... and other high-end car manufacturers such as Audi, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Lexus ... with session more modern version, electronically controlled. When the vehicle speed on 80km / h the rear wheel will automatically rotate in the same direction with the front wheel to increase the phenomenon of missing rotation of the car, helping the car more stable. When the vehicle speed is below 50km / h, the rear wheel will be in the opposite direction with the front wheel to ensure that the car is easy to bend, the driver will not feel the tension of the steering wheel and heavy steering.

Types of steering systems fitted in cars today How is the current driving system structured?

  • Understeering

Missing revolutions occur when the driver tries to steer the vehicle to the left or right, but then the vehicle tends to go straight or does not follow the curve the driver wants. When this phenomenon occurs, the vehicle is very likely to encounter an accident due to a collision with a car running in the opposite direction.

Learn about cars (6 Part) - How the steering works
Understeering
  • Oversteering

Excessive rotation is more likely to occur than the missing rotation, which occurs when the driver steers the vehicle to the left or right to follow the trajectory of the road surface, but the vehicle tends to have a tail. and rotate the circle.

Car driving system overview Automotive steering system hydraulic power steering system principles hydraulic power steering system diagram
Oversteering

To overcome these phenomena when cars are traveling on the road, car manufacturers around the world have launched systems: Electronic balance (ESP, ESC), Electronic Brake force Distribution (EBD) and Anti-lock braking system (ABS) to help the car move more stably, reducing unwanted accidents for the driver. To better understand the above systems, please Thanh Phong Auto refer to the next article!

3. According to the structure of the steering mechanism

To avoid causing confusion for readers, in this article Thanh Phong Auto refers to the type of driving mechanism screw - rod teeth, otherwise known as a ruler. This type of steering structure is very popular on most passenger cars today such as TOYOTA Vios, Altis, Camry, Fortuner, Mazda 3, Mazda 6, HONDA city, HONDA Civic, KIA Cerato, KIA Morning ... The steering gauge is popular because of its structural simplicity, ease of repair in case of damage, and the ease of fitting of the power steering systems.

Car steering and rotation, guiding wheel structure corners, steering mechanism, steering, power steering

The structure of the ruler is shown as shown below.

Common failures on the steering system and how to fix it

The main structure consists of a screw that is fitted with a gear bar. When the driver turns the steering wheel as the screw rotates, the screw that aligns with the gear bar should cause the gear bar to move left or right. To combine the ruler with the wheel trailer, a pair of spherical joints, also known as rotors, are arranged, each steering wheel consists of a pair of internal and external rotors. The rotuyn and pinion form a trapezoidal drive system, also known as a driving trapezoid.

Car steering system and what drivers need to know

The purpose of creating a driving trapezoid to ensure a stable movement of the vehicle when turning, the wheel inside the corner will not slip compared to the outside wheel.

4. By reinforcement method (power steering)

Have you ever wondered why a motorbike does not need power steering but steering is still very gentle while a car needs power steering? Because the total weight of a car is very large, in a standstill state, the drag acting on the steering mechanism is so large that the driver cannot rotate the steering wheel, so an auxiliary power steering system is required. to assist the driver. Types of power steering are often arranged in cars today such as hydraulic power steering, electric power steering and hydraulic power steering - electronic.

  • Hydraulic power steering

This type of power steering is first equipped in the car. The structure of this power steering system is very simple: it consists of two oil pipes into the 2 compartment, which are pre-divided inside the ruler, the steering valves and a power-assisted oil pump driven by the engine to pump the oil. tape measure.

Common errors in the car driving system, absolutely should not be
Hydraulic power steering

Signs to identify a car equipped with hydraulic power steering system is very simple, you just need to open the lid, look around the engine compartment, if you find a cap that says " Power Steering Fluid ”, the type of assistance that is fitted to your vehicle is hydraulic power steering. Most popular passenger cars such as Vios, Altis, Camry, FORD Focus, FORD Fiesta, KIA Morning, KIA Cerato, HYUNDAI I10, elantra, Mazda3 ... are equipped with this type of power steering.

  • Electric power steering

This type of power steering uses electricity to overcome the disadvantages of hydraulic power. When the vehicle runs at high speed, the steering will become very gentle so the driver is easily lost the feeling of driving, the driver steers the steering at a small angle but the vehicle is turning very large, the hydraulic power steering system does not adjustable to reduce power steering, so electric power steering was born to remedy this situation.

The structure of the electric power steering system is very simple, it consists of an electric motor, a screw mounted on the motor shaft, the screw fitted with a screw is fixed on the drive shaft, the motor will be Controlled by a controller through the signal of the sensor. This power steering method is often arranged on Mercedes-Benz, Audi, BMW, Lexus cars ..., C-class cars of Toyota, Honda, Kia, Mazda, Ford ....

How the car driving system affects driver's life
Electric power steering
  • Hydraulic power steering - electronic

Hydraulic-electronic steering is more accurately called electronically controlled hydraulic steering. As the name implies, this power steering system is similar to the hydraulic power system, but the difference here is that the hydraulic oil control valves will be controlled by a controller via sensors. instead of being opened and closed mechanically due to the action of the steering wheel in the conventional hydraulic power system. This is a power steering method that is popular today, it is equipped on many lines of Nissan, Infinity, Toyota, Lexus, BMW, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Honda, Ford, Mitsubishi ...

5 common errors in car driving systems, absolutely should not give up
Hydraulic power steering - electronic

Drive system failures

The steering system is one of the seven most important basic systems in a car, so regular maintenance checks will make the steering system work efficiently and safely when used. The following Thanh Phong Auto will list some common faults on the steering system:

  • Steering rack oil leak: this is a common problem with the steering rack, because the bearings and oil seals are worn out over time, causing the oil inside the steering rack to leak out and dirty the undercarriage.

Research on controlling electric steering system in cars

  • Damaged outer tie rod and inner tie rod

2. STRUCTURE OF DRIVER SYSTEM

  • Damaged or leaking oil lines cause power steering fluid shortage.

Hydraulic Power Steering - HPS

  • Power steering pump failure, pump makes loud noise.
  • Steering wheel misalignment.
  • And other common damages…

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FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions

1. What are the roles of sensors and controllers in electric and electro-hydraulic steering systems?

In electric and electro-hydraulic steering systems, sensors play an important role in collecting information about steering wheel angle, vehicle speed, acceleration, force applied to the steering wheel, etc. Based on this information, the controller will calculate and control the motor or valve to provide appropriate power steering force, ensuring good and safe driving feel.

Types car sensors Common ones include: steering wheel angle sensor, speed sensor, acceleration sensor, torque sensor.

2. What factors affect the life of the steering system?

The life of the steering system depends on many factors, including:

  • Power steering oil quality: Poor quality, contaminated power steering oil will reduce working efficiency and increase friction, causing wear on parts.
  • Driving habits: Driving too fast, taking sharp turns, and suddenly turning the steering wheel will increase the pressure on the steering system.
  • Road conditions: Bad roads, many potholes will increase vibration and damage parts.
  • Maintenance: Not performing regular maintenance or changing oil on time will reduce the life of the system.

3. What are the early signs of steering system failure?

5 early signs of steering system failure include:

  • Steering wheel feels unusually heavy or light: Could be due to lack of power steering fluid, pump failure, or electrical system problems.
  • Steering wheel shaking: Could be caused by worn joints, unbalanced wheels, or suspension problems.
  • Strange noise when steering: Could be due to lack of oil, worn parts, or pump damage.
  • Vehicle pulls when going straight: Could be due to incorrect wheel alignment, or damaged joints.
  • Power steering fluid leak: Easily identified by oil stains on the ground or around the hoses.

4. What is the steering system maintenance procedure?

5 steps Steering system maintenance include:

  • Check power steering fluid level: Check regularly and add fluid if necessary.
  • Check the joints: Check the joints for wear or rust.
  • Check the pipes: Check the pipes for cracks or leaks.
  • Check wheel alignment: Check and adjust wheel alignment periodically.
  • Change power steering fluid: Power steering fluid should be changed at the manufacturer's recommended intervals.

5. How do environmental factors affect the steering system?

3 main factors affecting the steering system:

  • Temperature: High temperatures reduce the viscosity of power steering fluid, affecting the performance of the system.
  • Humidity: High humidity increases the risk of rusting metal parts.
  • Road quality: Bad roads and chemicals will reduce the life of rubber and plastic parts.
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Thematic: General Repair

LEAVE COMMENT

6 Commentary

  • nguyen son lam 28/11/2019

    When driving the car to the Attrage, the car is about to collapse about 5kmh, the front wheel must be on the right when the brick or the truck has a problem

  • pao gia dola 13/02/2020

    admin, can you help me understand the pneumatic power steering system? Thanks admin a lot

  • Tien Dung 27/10/2020

    How much does it cost to check and repair the 2008 accordion driven system, how long does it take garage

    • Miss Hue 24/11/2020

      Contact for hotline, honey 0934 22 27 63

  • Ta Quoc Hieu 11/12/2020

    I am a topic of guidance system, can you just help me

  • Hello masters.
    The situation is that the wheelchair's lacetti ex is driving again, now the steering wheel is too large for normal, I want to adjust it but I don't know where the alignment is located. I hope that the teachers will teach you to help me, please. My car has changed all the rotuyn + the steering wheels and still has too much traction.



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