Braking / braking system: classification, structure, operating principles, electronic brake system, brake fluid, damage and repair?
Braking is one of the seven most important basic systems in a car. You've probably heard of "spark plug brakes" also known as drum brakes and disc brakes. The drum brake is widely used in cars with large tonnage such as trucks, passenger cars, special-use vehicles ... It is also arranged on the rear axle of some passenger cars of the shops such as TOYOTA, HYUNDAI, HONDA , KIA, MAZDA…;
Disc brakes are also used widely in the current passenger car line. Braking system is used to reduce the speed of the car to a necessary value or stop and keep the car parked on the ramps. Without the brakes, we can't control the speed of our cars at will, so it's a very important system in cars.
The brake system is a very important system in automobiles, there are many types of brakes equipped on cars such as the main brake, stop brake, drum brake (brake increase), disc brakes ... Accordingly The brakes are classified as follows:
Clogs brake mechanism (drum brakes)
Advantages of drum braking mechanism
Disadvantages:
The drum braking mechanism (drum brake) is usually arranged on large-tonnage vehicles such as trucks, passenger cars, specialized vehicles, in addition it is also arranged on the rear axle of vehicles such as TOYOTA Fortuner , Hilux, Land Cruiser; FORD Everest, Escape; HONDA CRV, City; NISSAN X-trail, Navara; CHEVROLET Colorado ...
Disc brake mechanism (disc brakes)
The disc brake mechanism consists of a steel disc that is fixed by a bolt on the wheel hub shaft, a bracket (also called a caliper or brake shackles) and brake pads (brake pads). The bracket is mounted on the bridge case so it will be fixed, while the brake disc will rotate with the wheel.
On the stand is arranged hydraulic cylinders and brake pads. When the driver steps on the brake pedal, the piston moves so that the brake pads are pressed against the brake disc to perform the braking process. A brake system that uses a disc brake mechanism is always accompanied by a hydraulic brake drive system.
Currently, the disc brake bracket is usually divided into two types: fixed-type pistons arranged on both sides (double-sided) compared to the brake discs and the mobile type with pistons arranged on one side compared to the discs brake. This type of mobile stand is most popular due to its compact construction.
Advantages of disc brakes
Disc brakes are used on all passenger cars such as: TOYOTA Vios, Innova, Altis, Camrry, Fortuner; HONDA City, Civic, CRV; KIA Morning, Cerato, Sedona; HYUNDAI i10, Elantra; MAZDA 2, 3, 6, CX5…. Or even on high-class cars of Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Audi, Range Rover, Lexus, Acura, Porsche ...
Mechanical drive brake system
Mechanical drive brakes (also known as cable drives) are often used on older models. Currently, this type of brake drive is only used for the brake system, this is a mandatory requirement for the brake system to ensure the reliability and safety of the brake system.
The reason why the mechanical brake system is so rarely used is because of its complicated structure, the arrangement of the cable connection points to the brake structure at the wheel is very difficult and complicated. To overcome that situation, manufacturers have designed hydraulic drive brakes.
Hydraulic drive brakes
This type of brake drive is used most commonly and widely today on the passenger car of manufacturers such as TOYOTA, HONDA, KIA, MAZDA, HYUNDAI ... It operates according to Pascal's law, structure Its is explained as shown below:
Hydraulic drive brakes often come with a vacuum brake booster (braking assist brakes) to reduce driver fatigue and ensure stable braking performance.
Pneumatic drive brake system
The pneumatic drive brake system is mainly arranged on heavy trucks, tractors, semi-trailers ... due to the requirement of this type of brake drive, there must be an air compressor arranged on the vehicle.
The brake system combines hydraulic - pneumatic
This type of brake drive is usually only arranged in heavy trucks and specialized vehicles.
Electromagnetic brakes (Magnetic Brakes)
This is a form of brake system, the magnetic field generated by permanent magnets used to perform wheel braking. This is a friction-free braking system so no abrasion will occur, and there is no pressure inside the brakes. The delay time of the electromagnetic brake system is very short so it is a very safe and reliable brake system.
Electric parking brake - Electronic Parking Brake
As the name implies, this brake system essentially only changes the method of mechanical (cable) driving by electric and electronically controlled driving. A brake switch is located next to the gear lever, when the driver pushes the switch, the electric motor rotates and presses the brake pads on the brake disc to create the brake.
To release the brakes, the driver just needs to start the engine and drive away, the braking system will automatically stop the brake before the vehicle starts moving without having to press the switch. This brake system is also known as electronic handbrake, it is equipped on many high-end models of manufacturers: Mercedes-Benz, Audi, BMW, Lexus, Volvo, Porsche ...
Electrical Brake
This is the type of braking system used in electric vehicles, the braking is done by the electric motor driving the wheel. When the driver steps on the brake, the electric motor is converted to its function as a generator, the driving kinetic energy of the vehicle is converted into electricity and other forms of energy to perform the braking. The phrase "regenerative brakes" will be mentioned a lot when electric cars are manufactured in Vietnam.
Electronic Braking System (Electronic Braking System)
The electronic control of the brakes helps reduce the delay time of braking. Therefore, it significantly reduces braking distance, thereby avoiding unwanted accidents. Braking system is equipped with anti-lock braking feature ABS will help the driver more stable, minimizing the loss of control when braking.
Thanh Phong Auto would like to list some systems combined with the brakes to increase braking efficiency:
For better understanding and electronic control systems, please also consult Thanh Phong Auto next article!
Most current models such as TOYOTA Vios, Altis, Innova, Fortuner; KIA morning, Cerato; Mazda 3, CX5; HYUNDAI i10, i20; FORD Focus, Ranger ... are equipped with anti-lock braking feature ABS to ensure safety for the occupants of the car.
Brake fluid is a certain standard fluid used inside the brake system to perform brake drive. The braking system during operation generates a huge amount of heat, so the brake fluid must be able to withstand high temperatures and not freeze in operating conditions.
Braking fluid has been researched to protect the brake system components from oxidation.
Each vehicle will require a specific type of brake fluid, usually DOT3 or DOT4. Current models often adopt the DOT4 brake fluid standard to ensure the proper functioning of the brakes' internal components. Mixing brake fluid with different standards will severely affect the brakes on your vehicle leading to unsafe operation.
During operation, the brake system will generate damage that the driver needs to pay attention to:
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Brake fluid plays a role in transmitting force from the brake pedal to the brake pads. It must have special properties such as:
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Function | Disc brake | Drum brake |
Cooling efficiency | Better | Worse |
Braking force | More stable | May decrease over time |
Reliability | Higher | Lower |
Weight | Lighter | Heavier |
Billing | Higher | Lower |
ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) is an anti-lock braking system. When braking suddenly, ABS will adjust the brake fluid pressure on each wheel to prevent the wheel from locking, helping the vehicle maintain stability and control. See more articles: The car ABS warning light turns on – Causes & safest and most effective treatment.
The frequency of brake fluid changes depends on many factors such as vehicle type, operating conditions, and manufacturer recommendations. However, brake fluid should generally be changed after about 2-3 years or 40.000km.
When the brake pads wear to the allowable limit or there is an unusual noise when braking, you need to replace both the brake pads and the brake disc. The brake disc also needs to be replaced if it is deformed or worn excessively.
Electronic parking brakes use an electric motor to tighten the brake pads, while mechanical parking brakes use a cable. Electronic parking brakes often have smarter features such as automatically releasing the brake when the car is started.
Braking efficiency depends on many factors such as:
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